Characterization of solid waste disposed at Columbia Sanitary Landfill in Missouri.

Waste sorts were conducted during each of the four quarters (or seasons) of 1996 at the City of Columbia Sanitary Landfill. A detailed physical sampling protocol was outlined. Weight fractions of 32 waste components were quantified from all geographic areas that contribute to the Columbia Sanitary Landfill using a two-way stratification method, which accounted for variations in geographical regions and seasons. Comparisons of solid waste generated between locations and seasons were conducted at the 80% confidence level. The composition of the entire waste stream was 41% paper, 21% organic, 16% plastic, 6% metal, 3% glass and 13% other waste. Paper was the largest composition and glass was the smallest composition for all geographical regions. The result of this study was also compared with a 1987 Columbia, Missouri study conducted by EIERA (1987), with studies conducted in other states such as Minnesota, Wisconsin, Oregon and with national study conducted by the USEPA (USEPA 530-R-96-001, PB96-152 160. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, Washington, DC). The results of studies from other states are different from this study due to different local conditions, different methodologies and a different scope. There was a small (5%) increase in per capita weight from 1987 to 1996. The total per capita weight in the present study was 60% greater than the national per capita weight reported by the USEPA (1996) due to that the USEPA report excluded industrial, construction and certain commercial waste. The total per capita weight agrees with the national per capita weight for municipal waste reported by Tchobanoglous (1993), which included industrial, construction and commercial sources. The geographical and seasonal effects on the waste composition are evaluated and discussed. Statistical analysis indicates that waste characteristics are different among geographical regions and seasons. The potential for waste recovery and reduction is also discussed.     

Potential of different species for use in removal of DDT from the contaminated soils

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its main metabolites, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE (DDTs in this study included DDT, DDD and DDE), are frequently detected in agricultural soils even though its usage in agriculture was banned in 1980s or earlier. In this study, eleven plants including eight maize (Zea mays) cultivars and three forage species (alfalfa, ryegrass and teosinte) widely cultivated in China were grown in the soils spiked with DDTs to investigate their potential for removal of DDT from the contaminated soils. The plants varied largely in their ability to accumulate and translocate DDTs, with the bioconcentration factor (BCF; DDT concentration ratio of the plant tissues to the soils) ranging from 0.014 to 0.25 and the translocation factor (TF; DDT concentration ratio of the shoots to the roots) varying from 0.35 (Zea mays cv Chaotian-23) to 0.76 (Zea mays spp. mexicana). The amount of DDT phytoextraction ranged from 3.89mug (ryegrass) to 27.0mug (teosinte) and accounted for <0.1% of the total initial DDTs spiked in the soils. After 70d, the removal rates reached 47.1-70.3% of the total initial DDTs spiked in the soils with plants while that was only 15.4% in the soils without plant. Moreover, the higher removal rates of DDTs occurred at the first 20d of experiment, and then the removal rate decreased with time. The highest amount of DDTs phytoextracted was observed in teosinte, followed by Zea mays spp. mexicana, but the highest removal rate of DDTs was found in maize (Zea mays cv Jinhai-6). Even though phytoextraction is not the main removal process for DDTs, the plant species especially Zea mays cv Jinhai-6 showed high potential for removing DDTs from the contaminated soils.     

高铁酸钾预氧化-三氯化铁混凝去除水中As3+

采用K2FeO4预氧化-FeCl3混凝联合去除水中的As3+,考察了适宜的K2FeO4预氧化时间、Fe3+和Fe6+加入量,分析了预氧化pH、混凝pH、碳酸盐和腐殖酸浓度对该工艺去除As3+效果的影响.实验结果表明:K2FeO4预氧化的适宜时间为2 min;加入质量浓度为2.4 mg/L的Fe6+和14.0 mg/L的Fe3+能使处理后水样中的As3+浓度符合GB--57492006<生活饮用水卫生标准>(As3+质量浓度小于0.01 mg/L);预氧化pH在4～9范围内,对K2FeO4预氧化-FeCl3混凝去除As3+的效果影响不大;FeCl3混凝阶段适宜的pH为6.0～8.5.碳酸盐对K2FeO4预氧化-FeCl3混凝去除As3+的效果基本没有影响;腐殖酸的存在使As3+的去除率有一定程度的降低.     

生物过滤法处理挥发性有机物的模型

介绍了生物过滤法处理挥发性有机物模型的研究现状，论述了过滤机理、污染物传递、生物膜增长与脱落、填料和生物膜表面形态学等方面的模型情况，指出了生物过滤法处理挥发性有机物模型的研究趋势，有助于理解生物过滤过程的内在规律和指导优化生物过滤系统的设计与运行。     

Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques in red soil hilly region: a case study of Xiangjiang watershed, China

In the study, multivariate statistical methods including factor, principal component and cluster analysis were applied to analyze surface water quality data sets obtained from Xiangjiang watershed, and generated during 7 years (1994-2000) monitoring of 12 parameters at 34 different profiles. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped 34 sampling sites into three clusters, including relatively less polluted (LP), medium polluted (MP) and highly polluted (HP) sites, and based on the similarity of water quality characteristics, the watershed was divided into three zones. Factor analysis/principal component analysis, applied to analyze the data sets of the three different groups obtained from cluster analysis, resulted in four latent factors accounting for 71.62%, 71.77% and 72.01% of the total variance in water quality data sets of LP, MP and HP areas, respectively. The PCs obtained from factor analysis indicate that the parameters for water quality variations are mainly related to dissolve heavy metals. Thus, these methods are believed to be valuable to help water resources managers understand complex nature of water quality issues and determine the priorities to improve water quality.     

高校宿舍火灾数值仿真模拟

高等院校的学生人数众多，住宿比较密集，存在不少安全隐患，宿舍火灾对学生的自身安全和财物安全构成重大威胁。宿舍灭火以及人员疏散的关键在于掌握火灾发生中的重要参数变化。笔者采用美国国家标准和技术研究院（NIST）开发的FDS（Fire Dynamic Simulator）软件，建立高校宿舍模型，对宿舍火灾进行全尺寸模拟。通过模拟实验给出了火灾发生过程中烟气运动、纵向温度变化和氧气浓度变化的规律，最后笔者提出一种有效的灭火防灾方案，并进行模拟和验证，为学校防火防灾决策提供有力的依据。     

大坦沙污水厂承接粪便污水的脱氮除磷研究

广州市大坦沙污水处理厂采用A²/O工艺，合并处理城市生活污水和粪便污水，由于粪便污水的污染物含量高和水量不稳定等特点，对水厂的运行有不利的影响。实践表明：通过控制好氧池溶解氧、延长好氧段的水力停留时间、增大回流比和提高MLSS与污泥龄等措施，该厂取得较好的脱氮除磷效果，实现出水COD、总氮、氨氮和总磷达标排放。     

NiCeY改性沸石吸附燃料油中二苯并噻吩的研究

用NaY沸石制备了负载二元金属Ni和Ce的NiCeY燃料油脱硫吸附剂，并通过静态吸附实验考察了NiCeY沸石对模拟燃油中二苯并噻吩（DBT）的吸附性能。结果表明，在正辛烷/DBT体系中，NiCeY 对DBT的吸附平衡时间为2 h；剂油比对脱硫率有明显影响，剂油比为0.1 g/mL时脱硫率达100%。在正辛烷/DBT/环己烯体系中，吸附剂对DBT吸附量的大小顺序为：NaY＜NiY＜CeY相似文献